freethinking
زبان مبدأ: انگلیسی
ترجمه به فارسی
- واژهنامه · French & English to Persian Epistemological Dictionary Libre Pensée|free spirit|free thinker|freethinker|freethinking|free thought eng. free thinker/sprit âzâd-andiš âzâd-a + Eyb e HÂFEZ gu ma kon vâez, ke raft az xâna-qâh.- Pâ ye âzâdân na bandand ; ar ze jâ i raft, raft ! (HÂFEZ qazal 83) + In European intellectual history, from which the term "freethinking" is borrowed, it suggested some kind of independant thought. In the various dictionaries and encyclopedias, the main trait of the freethinkers is their rejection of ecclesiastic authority, a rejection that encompassed the institutions as well as the scriptures from which the former derived their authority. ... I have therefore opted for the term "freethinkers", which I use to denote the advocates of autonomous reflection on the major metaphysical and human issues, with no commitment to the monotheist tradiction. [...]The term "freethinking" is used here solely to denote the rejection of the authority of both revelation and of the revealed religion. ... As far as I can see, freethinking in the strict sense of the term did not appear in the Middle Ages among the Arabic-speaking Christian and Jewish communities. To the extent that it did, this should be seen as an incidental spillover of Muslim freethinking, rather than a fully assimilated influence. ... As this book endeavors to show, freethinking in its radical form remained a typical Islamic phenomenon. ... Nevertheless, the term freethinking" focuses on a central and typical aspect of their thought: the belief in the sufficiency of the intellect and the rejection of all religions based on revelation. (STROUMSA, Sarah Free Thinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn al-Râwandî, Abû Bakr al-Râzî and their impact on Islamic Thought , Leiden: Brill, 1999, p. 7, 9, 19, 239) + Let us begin by trying to be clear as to what we mean by 'free thought' .This expression has two senses. ln its narrower sense it means thought which does not accept the dogmas of traditional religion. ln this sense a man is a 'free thinker' if he is not a Ch…
- واژهنامه · Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary free·think·er n. Pronunciation: - ' thiŋ-kər Function: noun Date: 1692 : one who forms opinions on the basis of reason independently of authority especially : one who doubts or denies religious dogma –free·think·ing \-kiŋ\ noun or adjective ]]>